2009年考研英语三层递进攻克阅读理解（一）

中华硕博网 WWW.CHINA-B.C0M 2009年02月13日来源：中国教育在线

中华硕博网核心提示: 2001年考研英语三层递进攻克阅读理解Text1Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge。Bysplit

2001年考研英语三层递进攻克阅读理解

Text1

Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge。Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits，onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch。Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication。Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity。

Noclearcutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience：exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule。Nevertheless，theword‘amateur’doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunity，and，inparticular，maynotfullyshareitsvalues。Thegrowthofspecializationinthenineteenthcentury，withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger，morecomplextraining，impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience。Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining，andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom。

AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch，butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper。Thus，inthenineteenthcentury，localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but，inthetwentiethcentury，localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate，andreflecton，thewidergeologicalpicture。Amateurs，ontheotherhand，havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway。Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs，aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing，firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury。Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment，separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership。Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties，whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway。

AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury，itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury。Insciencegenerally，however，thenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience。

51。Thegrowthofspecializationinthe19thcenturymightbemoreclearlyseeninsciencessuchas。

［A］sociologyandchemistry［B］physicsandpsychology

［C］sociologyandpsychology［D］physicsandchemistry

52。Wecaninferfromthepassagethat。

［A］thereislittledistinctionbetweenspecializationandprofessionalisation

［B］amateurscancompetewithprofessionalsinsomeareasofscience

［C］professionalstendtowelcomeamateursintothescientificcommunity

［D］amateurshavenationalacademicsocietiesbutnolocalones

53。Theauthorwritesofthedevelopmentofgeologytodemonstrate。

［A］theprocessofspecializationandprofessionalisation

［B］thehardshipofamateursinscientificstudy

［C］thechangeofpoliciesinscientificpublications