、考研阅读理解的结构特点

对于一篇完整的英文说明文或者议论文来说，不论其形式看上去有多么复杂多样，但是套用一句老话：“万变不离其宗。”一般考研阅读的都是采取传统的三段论形式：即提出问题、分析问题、解决问题。当然这里所说的“三段论”不是指所有的都分为三个段落，但是大部分基本上都是由这三个部分组成的。下面我们列举几种具体的情况来进行简单的分析，并在每种模式后面都举出了一篇考研真题的以帮助具体考生理解这些模式的特点，考生在平时的复习中也应该自己注重练习相关的判定力。

模式1、第一部分：提出问题，可以开门见山地提出问题或者先阐述他人的观点然后揭示自己与之相左的观点；

第二部分：层层递进地进行分析，段落之间的逻辑联系非常强，每一段的论述都之前一段为依据，这些段落经常以moreover，further，furthermore，besides，inaddition等词语或者词组开头；

第三部分：在第二部分逻辑推理的基础上得出结论。

例文：95年Passage3

nsuchachanging，complexsocietyformerlysimplesolutionstoinformationalneedsbecomecomplicated。Manyoflife’sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembers，friendsorcolleaguesarebeyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve。Wheretoturnforexpertinformationandhowtodeterminewhichexpertadvicetoacceptarequestionsfacingmanypeopletoday。

Inadditiontothis，thereisthegrowingmobilityofpeoplesinceWorldWarⅡ。Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity，theirfriendsofmanyyears，theirextendedfamilyrelationships，theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff，andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable。Thealmostunconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsoflivingcanbecutoff。Thus，thingsoncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasualcommunicationsoftheextendedfamilymustbeconsciouslylearned。

Addingtosocietalchangestodayisanenormousstockpileofinformation。Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygeneration，andthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicated，time－consumingandsometimesevenoverwhelming。

Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologieswhichenablethestorageanddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreaterspeedtomorelocationsthanhaseverbeenpossiblebefore。Computertechnologymakesitpossibletostorevastamountsofdatainmachine－readablefiles，andtoprogramcomputerstolocatespecificinformation。Telecommunicationsdevelopmentsenablethesendingofmessagesviatelevision，radio，andveryshortly，electronicmailtobombardpeoplewithmultitudesofmessages。Satelliteshaveextendedthepowerofcommunicationstoreporteventsattheinstantofoccurrence。Expertisecanbesharedworldwidethroughteleconferencing，andproblemsindisputecanbesettledwithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite。Technologyhasfacilitatedthesharingofinformationandthestorageanddeliveryofinformation，thusmakingmoreinformationavailabletomorepeople。

Inthisworldofchangeandcomplexity，theneedforinformationisofgreatestimportance。Thosepeoplewhohaveaccurate，reliableup－to－dateinformationtosolvetheday－to－dayproblems，thecriticalproblemsoftheirbusiness，socialandfamilylife，willsurviveandsucceed。“Knowledgeispower“maywellbethetruestsayingandaccesstoinformationmaybethemostcriticalrequirementofallpeople。

其中中间三段的第一句话都是对上文的承接并引出新的话题，分别为“Inadditiontothis…”、“Addingtosocietalchangesisanenormousstockpileofinformation”、“Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationis…”。

模式2、第一部分：开头提出一个概念、一个中心思想或者一种现象；

第二部分：围绕着这个概念、中心思想或者现象，从各个方面进行分析和解释说明，这种比较轻易定位其主旨；

第三部分：对进行总结，并再一次对该概念、中心思想进行阐述，或对相关现象进行说明。

例文：2000年Passage5

Ifambitionistobewellregarded，therewardsofambitionhealth，distinction，controloverone’sdestinymustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition’sbehalf。Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality，itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired，theeducatednotleastamongthem。Inanoddway，However，itistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegiveuponhavegiveuponambitionasanideal。Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition－ifnotalwaystheirownthethatoftheirparentsandgrandparents。Thereisheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis，acaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescapedwiththeeducatedthemselvesridingonthem。Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly。Summerhomes，Europeantravel，BMWs。Thelocations，placenamesandnamebrandsmaychange，butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago。Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams，aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycould，lesttheybethoughtpushing，acquisitiveandvulgar。Instead，wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles，whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply：thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree－starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife，whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools。Forsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptional，theproperformulationis，“Succeedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious。“Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressive，wheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive。Asaresult，thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse，aqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoung，isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates。Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanend，thatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptings，butonlythat，nolongeropenlyhonored，itislessopenlyunderground，ormadesly。Such，then，isthewaythingsstand：ontheleftangrycritics，ontherightstupidsupporters，andinthemiddle，asusual，themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife。

这篇主要围绕着地质活动的热点理论这个概念进行讨论。

模式3、第一部分：提出问题，该问题涵盖了两个方面；

第二部分：分别对这两个方面进行分析和论述；

第三部分：总结全文，其中包含了对以上所涉及的各个方面的概括。

例文：2001年Passage1

Specialisationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge。Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits，onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch。Butspecialisationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication。Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity。

Noclear－cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience：exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule。Nevertheless，theword‘amateur‘doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand，inparticular，maynotfullyshareitsvalues。Thegrowthofspecialisationinthenineteenthcentury，withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger，morecomplextraining，impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience。Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining，andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom。

AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch，butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper。Thus，inthenineteenthcentury，localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but，inthetwentiethcentury，localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate，andreflecton，thewidergeologicalpicture。Amateurs，ontheotherhand，havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway。Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs，aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing，firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury。Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment，separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership。Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties，whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway。

AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecialisationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury，itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury。Insciencegenerally，however，thenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience。

开头就提出了问题的两个方面，即科学发展的specialization和professionalization。

模式4、第一部分：提出一个现存的需要解决问题；

第二部分：分析问题产生的原因，存在的因素以及可能的解决方案，作者可能提到几个不同的解决方案，但是之后作者自己认可的那种方案才是的重点和主题

第三部分：对问题进行总结说明并进一步强调作者支持的那种解决办法。

例文：1999年Passage2

InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusiness，mostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket。Morerecently，astheWebprovedtobemorethanafashion，companieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother。Suchbusiness－to－businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’relookingfor。

Nonetheless，manycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability。“Businessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesupplier，“sayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch。Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’sprivateinternet。AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing。Untilrecently，Internetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto“pull“customersintosites。Inthepastyear，however，softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto“push“informationdirectlyouttoconsumers，transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers。Mostnotably，thePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’computermonitors。Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany’sWebsite。CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsales，productofferings，orotherevents。ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers。Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest。Oncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvited，thedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades。That’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists。ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney。TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards，Amazon。com，andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivity，hospitality，andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers。Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefall，whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon。Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge。

模式5、第一部分：把开头分为两段，第一段不直接进入要论述的问题和作者的观点，而是通过一个引子展开，或讲述一个有趣的故事、或交待一些背景知识，到了第二段才正式提出问题，因此在这种情况下考生要避免直接去第一段找主旨，而是要通过阅读全文正确地定位主题所在段落；

第二部分：对提出的问题进行论述；

第三部分：得出结论，总结全文。

例文：1994年Passage2

OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonebank－issuedcreditcard。Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstores，restaurants，andhotels，athome，acrossthecountry，andevenabroad，andtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell。Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomatically，makingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocations，whetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen。Formanyofusthe“cashlesssociety“isnotonthehorizon—it’salreadyhere。

Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers，theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo。Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales。Theycankeepawiderangeofrecords，includingwhosoldwhat，when，andtowhom。Thisinformationallowsbusinessmentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving。Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade。Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficient，allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly。Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns。Computersarereliedonbymanufacturersforsimilarreasons。Computer－analyzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow，whichtodevelopforthefuture，andwhichtodrop。Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstock，ofrawmaterialsonhand，andevenoftheproductionprocessitself。

Numerousothercommercialenterprise，fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers，fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors，bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers。

第一段通篇在谈论信用卡服务的优点，而第二段的第一句话才是主题句，指出了使用计算机的便利，因为信用卡的便利正式由于计算机技术的发展和普及带来的。

模式6、第一部分：提出问题，作者将要对该问题的存在进行指责和批判；

第二部分：从各个方面或者各个层次对问题进行反驳；

第三部分：指出问题存在根本原因、可能带来的后果、相应的改进措施、或者正确的看法和观点等。

例文：这类反证类的至今还没有在考研真题中出现过，但是考生应该对这种模式有所了解。

此外，考研阅读理解的一般都会有比较清楚的行文脉络，把握这些规律也会有助于对整体的把握，甚至还可以帮助考生预见中可能会出现的观点和发展方向。

常见的行文脉络有以下几种：

一般——具体：开头先提出一个总的抽象的概念或者观点，接下来的各个段落具体说明第一段的观点，把抽象的概念具体化到一些事件上。

具体——一般：开头提出一个具体的问题或者事件，接下来几段从各个方面分别说明，最后一点进行总结并把观点抽象到一般的层面。

时间顺序：这种行文脉络出现在自然科学类的中比较多，一般通过时间先后顺序来说明某一种理论的发展或者某一项研究的进展程度。