解题原则分析：

名词主体论，动作决定论：以及段落都是由主题句和细节句构成的。主题句表明段落或篇章的中心，细节句是为主题句而服务的。即，主题句指明段落及的方向，细节句则是支撑主题的具体事例，引语，统计，比喻或者实验。同时，无论主题句还是细节句均由单词组成：名词表达主体，动词确定趋势，形容词和副词表示性质。因此，把握每一个段落的中心思想无须透彻理解整个段落，段落中的名词即可指明方向，确定主题，即，名词主体论。主体名词对应的动作体现主语内容和趋向，因此，准确体现主题句动作的段落即为该主题句所对应的段落，即，动作决定论。

解题步骤分析：

Directions：Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutplagiarismin

theacademiccommunity。ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA－Ffor

eachnumberedparagraph。Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered。Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse。MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1。

[A]Whattodoasastudent？

Variousdefinitionsofplagiarism

[C]Ideasshouldalwaysbesourced

[D]Ignorancecanbeforgiven

[E]Plagiarismisequivalenttotheft

[F]Theconsequencesofplagiarism

Scholars，writersandteachersinthemodernacademiccommunityhavestrongfeelingsaboutacknowledgingtheuseofanotherperson’sideas。IntheEnglish－speakingworld，thetermplagiarismisusedtolabelthepracticeofnotgivingcreditforthesourceofone’sideas。Simplystated，plagiarismis“thewrongfulappropriationorpurloining，andpublicationasone’sownoftheideas，ortheexpressionofideasofanother。”

41

Thepenaltiesforplagiarismvaryfromsituationtosituation。Inmanyuniversities，thepunishmentmayrangefromfailureinaparticularcoursetoexpulsionfromtheuniversity。Intheliteraryworld，wherewritersareprotectedfromplagiarismbyinternationalcopyrightlaws，thepenaltymayrangefromasmallfinetoimprisonmentandaruinedcareer。Protectionofscholarsandwriters，throughthecopyrightlawsandthroughthesocialpressuresoftheacademicandliterarycommunities，isarelativelyrecentconcept。Suchsocialpressuresandcopyrightlawsrequirewriterstogivescrupulousattentiontodocumentationoftheirsources。

42

Students，asinexperiencedscholarsthemselves，mustavoidvarioustypesofplagiarismbybeingself－criticalintheiruseofotherscholars’ideasandbygivingappropriatecreditforthesourceofborrowedideasandwords，otherwisedireconsequencesmayoccur。Thereareatleastthreeclassificationsofplagiarismasitisrevealedinstudents’inexactnessinidentifyingsourcesproperly。Theyareplagiarismbyaccident，byignorance，andbyintention。

43

Plagiarismbyaccident，oroversight，sometimesistheresultofthewriter’sinabilitytodecideorrememberwheretheideacamefrom。Hemayhavereaditlongago，hearditinalecturesinceforgotten，oracquireditsecond－handorthird－handfromdiscussionswithcolleagues。Hemayalsohavedifficultyindecidingwhethertheideaissuchcommonknowledgethatnoreferencetotheoriginalsourceisneeded。Althoughthistypeofplagiarismmustbeguardedagainst，itistheleastseriousand，iflessonslearned，canbeexemptfrombeingseverelypunished。

44

Plagiarismthroughignoranceissimplyawayofsayingthatinexperiencedwritersoftendonotknowhoworwhentoacknowledgetheirsources。Thetechniquesfordocumentation－note－taking，quoting，footnoting，listingbibliography－－areeasilylearnedandcanpreventthewriterfrommakingunknowingmistakesoromissionsinhisreferences。Although‘thereisnocopyrightinnews，orinideas，onlyintheexpressionofthem，’thewritercannotpleadignorancewhenhissourcesforideasarechallenged。

45

Themostseriouskindofacademicthieveryisplagiarismbyintention。Thewriter，limitedbyhislazinessanddullness，copiesthethoughtsandlanguageofothersandclaimsthemforhisown。Henotonlysteals，hetriestodeceivethereaderintobelievingtheideasareoriginal。Suchwordsasimmoral，dishonest，offensive，anddespicableareusedtodescribethepracticeofplagiarismbyintention。

Theoppositeofplagiarismisacknowledgement：Allmatureandtrustworthywritersmakeuseoftheideasofothersbuttheyarecarefultoacknowledgetheirindebtednesstotheirsources。Students，asdevelopingscholars，writers，teachers，andprofessionalleaders，shouldrecognizeandassumetheirresponsibilitytodocumentallsourcesfromwhichlanguageandthoughtsareborrowed。Othermembersoftheprofessionwillnotonlyrespectthescholarship，theywilladmirethehumilityandhonesty．

1、主题句的分析、提炼

利用名词主体论分析提炼供选择主题句的主体名词，同时提炼对应的动作！

主体名词－－－对应动作

[A]Whattodoasastudent？Student－－－－－dosomething

Variousdefinitionsofplagiarismplagiarism－－－－－definition

[C]Ideasshouldalwaysbesourcedidea－－－－－besourced

[D]Ignorancecanbeforgivenignorance－－－－－beforgiven

[E]Plagiarismisequivalenttotheftplagiarism－－－－－theft

[F]Theconsequencesofplagiarismplagiarism－－－－－consequence

2、段落主体及动作的把握

段落内容的理解，重点关注动作。

3、主题句与段落对应选择

段落的主体名词与供选主题句的主体名词进行对应，缩小选项范围；段落的动作与范围内的动作进行对应，准确选择答案！

41题对应段落主体及动作来源于段首句和段尾句：Thepenaltiesforplagiarismvaryfromsituationtosituation。…Suchsocialpressuresandcopyrightlawsrequirewriterstogivescrupulousattentiontodocumentationoftheirsources。

主体名词为：plagiarism和social

对应动作为：Thepenaltiesforplagiarism“学术剽窃的惩罚”varyfromsituationtosituation。“因形式而异”…requirewriterstogivescrupulousattentiontodocumentationoftheirsources。“要求作者格外关注其材料的来源给出注解”。对应选项为：F

42题对应段落主体及动作来源于段首句：Students，asinexperiencedscholarsthemselves，mustavoidvarioustypesofplagiarismbybeingself－criticalintheiruseofotherscholars’ideasandbygivingappropriatecreditforthesourceofborrowedideasandwords，otherwisedireconsequencesmayoccur。

主体名词为：students

对应动作为：avoidvariouskindofplagiarism“避免各种剽窃”，beingself－critical“自我批评”

对应选项为：A

43题对应段落主体来源于段落前两句，动作来源于段落尾句：Plagiarismbyaccident，oroversight，sometimesistheresultofthewriter’sinabilitytodecideorrememberwheretheideacamefrom…。Althoughthistypeofplagiarismmustbeguardedagainst，itistheleastseriousand，iflessonslearned，canbeexemptfrombeingseverelypunished。

主体名词为：plagiarism

对应动作为：byaccident“意外”，istheresultofthewriter’sinability“是作者无能的结果”，beguardedagainst“小心提防”，exemptfrombeingseverelypunished“未被严厉惩罚”

对应选项为：D

44题对应段落主体及动作来源于段落首句和尾句：Plagiarismthroughignoranceissimplyawayofsayingthatinexperiencedwritersoftendonotknowhoworwhentoacknowledgetheirsources。…Although‘thereisnocopyrightinnews，orinideas，onlyintheexpressionofthem，’thewritercannotpleadignorancewhenhissourcesforideasarechallenged。

主体名词为：plagiarism和writer

对应动作为：donotknowhoworwhentoacknowledgetheirsources“不知道来源”，documentation－note－taking，quoting，footnoting，listing“笔记，引用，脚注，列举”cannotpleadignorance“不能恳求当作无知”，hissourcesforideas“思想的来源”arechallenged“受到质疑”。

对应选项为：C

45题对应段落主体及动作来源于段落首句和尾句：Themostseriouskindofacademicthieveryisplagiarismbyintention…。Suchwordsasimmoral，dishonest，offensive，anddespicableareusedtodescribethepracticeofplagiarismbyintention。

主体名词为：plagiarism和words

对应动作为：academicthievery“学术盗窃”，areusedtodescribethepracticeofplagiarism“被用来描述故意的学术剽窃”。

对应选项为：E