PartII、真题解题

1993年Passage3

Whenaninventionismade，theinventorhasthreepossiblecoursesofactionopentohim：he

cangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingit，keeptheideasecret，orpatentit。

Agrantedpatentistheresultofabargainstruckbetweenaninventorandthestate，bywhichtheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiodterminates。Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstancesisthelifespanofapatentextendedtoalterthisnormalprocessofevents。

ThelongestextensionevergrantedwastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitrywasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolourTVtoreceiveandthusnohopeofrewardfortheinvention。

Becauseapatentremainspermanentlypublicafterithasterminated，theshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothepatentofficecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseand，ifolderthanhalfacentury，sometimesevenre－patent。Indeed，patentexpertsoftenadviseanyonewishingtoavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthroughlivepatentsthattheonesurewayofavoidingviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent。Likewise，becausepublicationofanideainanyotherformpermanentlyinvalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatidea，itistraditionallysafetotakeideasfromotherareasofprint。Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceisbasedonthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity。

Anyonecloselyinvolvedinpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost“new“ideasare，infact，asoldasthehills。Itistheirreductiontocommercialpractice，eitherthroughnecessityordedication，orthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology，thatmakesnewsandmoney。Thebasicpatentforthetheoryofmagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886。Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginatefromthelate19thandearly20thcentury。EventheVolkswagenrearenginecarwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear。

41。Thepassageismainlyabout

[A]anapproachtopatents

[B]theapplicationforpatents

[C]theuseofpatents

[D]theaccesstopatents

[答案]D

[解题思路]

本题有一定难度。纵观全文，作者首先提出了发明者对于其发明的东西可以用三种方式处理其发明，引出专利这个话题。第二和三段介绍了关于专利的一些情况，而最后两段则进入了本篇主要关注的一个方面，即如何得到专利的、以及如何把一些专利项目用于商业用途。因此这篇的关注点是人们怎么样才能够取得一些获得专利权的发明的相关，因此正确答案为D。

[题目译文]

这篇的主要内容是

[A]关于取得专利的方法

[B]关于专利的申请

[C]关于专利的使用

[D]关于专利的获取

1994年Passage1

TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate－enterprise，market－orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost。Privatebusinessmen，strivingtomakeprofits，producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive，operatingundercompetitivepressures，largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduce[D]Thus，intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers，coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes，thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit。

Animportantfactorinamarket－orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers。IntheAmericaneconomy，thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem，aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller－producers。Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemand，thepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket。If，ontheotherhand，producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost，thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller－producers，whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct。Thus，priceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaneconomicsystem。

Theimportantfactorinaprivate－enterpriseeconomyisthatindividualsareallowedtoownproductiveresources，andtheyarepermittedtohirelabor，gaincontrolovernaturalresources，andproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit。IntheAmericaneconomy，theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights，includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual。

54。Thepassageismainlyabout__。

[A]howAmericangoodsareproduced

[B]howAmericanconsumersbuytheirgoods

[C]howAmericaneconomicsystemworks

[D]howAmericanbusinessmenmaketheirprofits

[答案]C

[解题思路]

本文的第一句话就直截了当地说明了的中心思想，即“TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate－enterprise，market－orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost”，最后两段随即就美国经济体系运作的两个方面进行讨论，因此正确答案为C选项。

[题目译文]

本文的主要是关于。

[A]美国的产品是如何生产的

[B]美国的顾客是如何购买产品的

[C]美国的经济体系是如何运作的

[D]美国的商人是如何取得利润的

1994年Passage2

OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonebank－issuedcreditcard。Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstores，restaurants，andhotels，athome，acrossthecountry，andevenabroad，andtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell。Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomatically，makingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocations，whetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen。Formanyofusthe“cashlesssociety“isnotonthehorizon—it’salreadyhere。

Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers，theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo。Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales。Theycankeepawiderangeofrecords，includingwhosoldwhat，when，andtowhom。Thisinformationallowsbusinessmentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving。Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade。Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficient，allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly。Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns。Computersarereliedonbymanufacturersforsimilarreasons。Computer－analyzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow，whichtodevelopforthefuture，andwhichtodrop。Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstock，ofrawmaterialsonhand，andevenoftheproductionprocessitself。

Numerousothercommercialenterprise，fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers，fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors，bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers。

58。Whatisthispassagemainlyabout？

[A]Approachestothecommercialuseofcomputers。

[B]Conveniencesbroughtaboutbycomputersinbusiness。

[C]Significanceofautomationincommercialenterprises。

[D]Advantagesofcreditcardsinbusiness。

[答案]B

[解题思路]

本题考察的是的中心思想。通过第二段和第三段的首句“Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers，theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo”和“Numerousothercommercialenterprise，fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers，fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors，bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers”可以看出，本文主要讨论的是计算机给商业带来的便利，因此B为正确答案。D选项与第一段有一定联系，但信用卡的例子仅仅是为了引出主要话题，并不是关注的重点。而A和C选项都与强调“计算机带来的便利”这一侧重点不同。

[题目译文]

这篇的主要内容是什么？

[A]计算机商业化的形式

[B]计算机给商业带来的便利

[C]自动化在商业企业中的重要性

[D]商业中信用卡的优势

1994年Passage3

Exceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage。Forthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential，theireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences。

Althoughwefocusontheneedsofexceptionalchildren，wefindourselvesdescribingtheirenvironmentaswell。Whiletheleadingactoronthestagecapturesourattention，weareawareoftheimportanceofthesupportingplayersandthesceneryoftheplayitself。Boththefamilyandthesocietyinwhichexceptionalchildrenliveareoftenthekeytotheirgrowthanddevelopment。Anditisinthepublicschoolsthatwefindthefullexpressionofsociety’sunderstanding—theknowledge，hopes，andfearsthatarepassedontothenextgeneration。

Educationinanysocietyisamirrorofthatsociety。Inthatminorwecanseethestrengths，theweaknesses，thehopes，theprejudices，andthecentralvaluesofthecultureitself。Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens，whatevertheirspecialconditions，deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities。

“Allmenarecreatedequal。”We’vehearditmanytimes，butitstillhasimportantmeaningforeducationinademocraticsociety。Althoughthephrasewasusedbythiscountry’sfounderstodenoteequalitybeforethelaw，ithasalsobeeninterpretedtomeanequalityofopportunity。Thatconceptimplieseducationalopportunityforallchildren－therightofeachchildtoreceivehelpinlearningtothelimitsofhisorhercapacity，whetherthatcapacitybesmallorgreat。Recentcourtdecisionshaveconfirmedtherightofallchildren－disabledornot－toanappropriateeducation，andhaveorderedthatpublicschoolstakethenecessarystepstoprovidethateducation。Inresponse，schoolsaremodifyingtheirprograms，adaptinginstructiontochildrenwhoareexceptional，tothosewhocannotprofitsubstantiallyfromregularprograms。

61。Thispassagemainlydealswith__。

[A]thedifferencesofchildrenintheirlearningcapabilities

[B]thedefinitionofexceptionalchildreninmodernsociety

[C]thespecialeducationalprogramsforexceptionalchildren

[D]thenecessityofadaptingeducationtoexceptionalchildren

[答案]D

[解题思路]

第一句就提出了“Exceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage”，第二段的第一句话“Althoughwefocusontheneedsofexceptionalchildren，wefindourselvesdescribingtheirenvironmentaswell”进而揭示了的重点是关于exceptionalchildren的教育，因而D为正确答案。结合其余部分内容也进一步确证该选项概括了全文。

[题目译文]

这篇主要讨论的问题是。

[A]儿童学习能力的不同

[B]现在社会中非凡儿童的定义

[C]为非凡儿童制定的非凡教育项目

[D]为非凡儿童而调整教育的必要性

1996年Passage4

WhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica－breakthroughssuchasthetelegraph，thesteamboatandtheweavingmachine？

Amongthemanyshapingfactors，Iwouldsingleoutthecountry’sexcellentelementaryschools;alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal，“spatial”thinkingaboutthingstechnological。

Whymentiontheelementaryschools？Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics，especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates，weregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry。

AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage。AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported，“Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline，theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman。”

Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthe“premium”system，whichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit。Thisapproach，originatedabroad，offeredinventorsmedals，cashprizesandotherincentives。

IntheUnitedStates，multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities。Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance。

Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation，theAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology。AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout，“Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual，nonverbalprocess。。。Thedesignerandtheinventor。。。areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist。”

Thisnonverbal“spatial”thinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting。RobertFultononcewrote，“Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers，screws，wedges，wheels，etc。，likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet，consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts，inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea。”

Whenalltheseshapingforces－－schools，openattitudes，thepremiumsystem，ageniusforspatialthinking－－interactedwithoneanotherontherichU。S。mainland，theyproducedthatAmericancharacteristic，emulation。Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation。Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence。

66。Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe__

[A]InventiveMind

[B]EffectiveSchooling

[C]WaysofThinking

[D]OutpouringofInventions

[答案]A

[解题思路]

本文一开始首先提出问题，指出美国早期涌现了大量的创造发明，从第二段开始讨论出现这种现象的多种原因，并指出有创造力的空间思维能力是最重要的因素。的主要内容也是围绕这一因素展开，因此A为正确答案。B选项不是讨论的重点。C选项的错误在于没有讨论各种不同的思维方式。而D选项则是第一段用来引出话题的讨论，不能代表主要思想。

[题目译文]

本文的最佳标题可能是。

[A]具有创造性的头脑

[B]有效的学校教育

[C]思维方式

[D]发明的涌现

1996年Passage5

Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthepublisher’spipelines。Afewhavealreadyappeared。Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexplaintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife。Cosmology，geology，andbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistent，unified，andconstantlyimprovingaccountofwhathappened。“Scientific“creationism，whichisbeingpushedbysomefor“equaltime”intheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsofevolutionareevil，isbasedonreligion，notscience。Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnonfundamentalistreligiousleadershavecometoregard“scientific”creationismasbadscienceandbadreligion。

ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher’sbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution。Atappropriateplaces，heintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers。Inthelastthreechapters，hetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating。Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtactics，and，forthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists，theextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise。Whentheirbasicmotivationisreligious，onemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior。

Kitcherisaphilosopher，andthismayaccount，inpart，fortheclarityandeffectivenessof

hisarguments。Thenonspecialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataand

argumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory。Thefinalchapteronthecreationistswillbeextremelycleartoall。Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook，StephenJayGouldsays：“Thisbookstandsforreasonitself。”Andsoitdoes－andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolutiondebate。

70。Thispassageappearstobeadigestof__

[A]abookreview

[B]ascientificpaper

[C]amagazinefeature

[D]anewspapereditorial

[答案]A

[解题思路]

本题考察的来源，实际上也就是对中心思想的考查。综合全文，尤其是每段的第一句话、以及对Kitcher这本书的大量评论，可见是一篇书评，A为正确选项。

[题目译文]

这篇是一篇的摘要。

[A]书评

[B]科学论文

[C]杂志上的非凡

[D]报纸社论