PartII、真题解题

1993年Passage2

Ingeneral，oursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhichmanbecomesasmall，well－oiledcoginthemachinery。Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages，well－ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusic，andbypsychologistsand“human－relations“experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerless，thathedoesnotwholeheartedlyparticipateinhisworkandthatheisboredwithit。Infact，theblue－andthewhite－collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement。

Theworkerandemployeeareanxious，notonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob;theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife。Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings。

Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious。Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates。Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects。Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace。Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself－respect。Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjob，theyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasforthetightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence。Fromthatmomentontheyaretestedagainandagain－bythepsychologists，forwhomtestingisabigbusiness，andbytheirsuperiors，whojudgetheirbehavior，sociability，capacitytogetalong，etc。Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellow－competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstress，theverycausesofunhappinessandillness。

AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortonineteenth－century“freeenterprise“capitalism？Certainlynot。Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown。Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities－thoseofloveandofreason－aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements。Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisend，andshouldbepreventedfromrulingman。

40。Theauthor’sattitudetowardsindustrialismmightbestbesummarizedasoneof__

[A]approval

[B]dissatisfaction

[C]suspicion

[D]tolerance

[答案]B

[解题思路]

纵观全文，其主要基调就是表达了对目前这个工业化体制的不满，人在其中失去了个性和独立性。其中，第一段最后一句指出“Infact，theblue－andthewhite－collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement”。最后一段第二句话进一步指出“Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities－thoseofloveandofreason－aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements”，要求改变这个社会体制，作者的不满情绪也是显而易见的。

[题目译文]

作者对于工业化的态度用以下哪个词语可以最好的概括？

[A]赞成

[B]不满

[C]怀疑

[D]容忍

1995年Passagel

MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof。Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprice，therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices。Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving。Byhelpingtoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabour，andisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment。Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices：withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuch，thepriceofyourtelevisionlicensewouldneedtobedoubled，andtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore。

Andperhapsmostimportantofall，advertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablevalueintheproductsandservicesyoubuy。Apartfromthefactthattwenty－sevenactsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertising，noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements。Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertising。Hewillnotdosoforlong，formercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenottobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce。Ifyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertised，itisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforit，andthatitrepresentsgoodvalue。

AdvertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherforceIcanthinkof。

ThereisonemorepointIfeelIoughttotouchon。RecentlyIheardawell－knowntelevisionpersonalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuadesratherthaninforms。Hewasdrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions。Ofcourseadvertisingseekstopersuade。

Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation－andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve，forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolourofashirtissubtlypersuasive－－－－advertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention。Butperhapsthatiswhatthewell－knowntelevisionpersonalitywants。

54。Intheauthor’sopinion，__。

[A]advertisingcanseldombringmaterialbenefittomanbyprovidinginformation

[B]advertisinginformspeopleofnewideasratherthanwinsthemover

[C]thereisnothingwrongwithadvertisinginpersuadingthebuyer

[D]thebuyerisnotinterestedingettinginformationfromanadvertisement

[答案]C

[解题思路]

本题对应于最后一段，该段第一句话指出“Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation－andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve，forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolourofashirtissubtlypersuasive－－－－advertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention”，这是对那位电视名人的反驳，因而说明作者认为广告试图说服人们购买产品并不是一个问题，因此正确答案为C选项。B选项与原文意思相反，而A和D选项的表述在原文中没有提及。

[题目译文]

在作者看来，。

[A]广告几乎不能通过提供给人们带来物质上的好处

[B]广告诉人们的是新想法，而不是要赢得他们

[C]通过广告来说服人们购买产品并没有什么过错

[D]买东西的人对于从广告中得到并不感爱好

1995年Passage5

Thatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehaviourisevidenceofanobviousbutneverthelessremarkableactivitycalledremembering。Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefunctionpopularlynamedmemory。Constantpracticehassuchaseffectonmemoryastoleadtoskillfulperformanceonthepiano，torecitationofapoem，andeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords。So－calledintelligentbehaviourdemandsmemory，rememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementforreasoning。Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory。Typically，thedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedonrememberingmanyearlierexperiences。

Practicetendstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial。Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgotten;andtheadaptiveconsequencesmaynotseemobvious。Yet，dramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcanseemtobeadaptive。Inthissense，theabilitytoforgetcanbeinterpretedtohavesurvivedthroughaprocessofnaturalselectioninanimals。Indeed，whenone’smemoryofanemotionallypainfulexperienceleadtoseriousanxiety，forgettingmayproducerelief。Nevertheless，anevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessofforgettingsurvivednaturalselection。

Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspects，itishelpfultoconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade。Forgettingclearlyaidsorientationintime，sinceoldmemoriesweakenandthenewtendtostandout，providingcluesforinferringduration。Withoutforgetting，adaptiveabilitywouldsuffer，forexample，learnedbehaviourthatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe。Casesarerecordedofpeoplewhoforgotsolittlethattheireverydayactivitieswerefullofconfusion。Thisforgettingseemstoservethatsurvivaloftheindividualandthespecies。

Anotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystemoflimitedcapacitythatprovidesadaptiveflexibilityspecificallythroughforgetting。Inthisview，continualadjustmentsaremadebetweenlearningormemorystorageandforgetting。Indeed，thereisevidencethattherateatwhichindividualsforgetisdirectlyrelatedtohowmuchtheyhavelearned。Suchdataoffersgrosssupportofcontemporarymodelsofmemorythatassumeaninput－outputbalance。

70。Inthisarticle，theauthortriestointerpretthefunctionof__。

[A]remembering

[B]forgetting

[C]adapting

[D]experiencing

[答案]B

[解题思路]

本文从第二段开始直到最后都在讨论forgetting这个问题，只有第一段讨论了remembering的问题来引出主要话题，因此可以轻松判定正确答案为B选项。

[题目译文]

在这篇中，作者试图揭示的功能。

[A]记忆

[B]遗忘

[C]适应

[D]经历

1996年Passage3

Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury“capital”and“labour”wereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganizationsonmodernlines。Manyanoldfirmwasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers。Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders。Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative，towardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate－ownedbusiness。Therailwaycompanies，thoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholders，wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness。Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting，tramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers。

Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences。Suchlarge，impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass，anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness。Allthroughthenineteenthcentury，America，Africa，India，AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital，andBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld’smovementtowardsindustrialisation。TownslikeBournemouthandEastboumespranguptohouselarge。“comfortable”classeswhohadretiredontheirincomes，andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders’meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement。Ontheotherhand“shareholding“meantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilisation。

The“shareholders”assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives，thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldshares，andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood。Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands，butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway。Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelationsimpossible。Fortunately，however，theincreasingpowerandorganizationofthetradeunions，atleastinallskilledtrades，enabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem。Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother’sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation。

62。Theauthorismostcriticalof___。

[A]familyfilmowners

[B]landowners

[C]managers

[D]shareholders

[答案]D

[解题思路]

本文中四个选项的四中人都有所提及，但阅读细节可以发现作者对A、B、C选项中的三类人没有表明态度，而对D选项中的shareholders却颇有微词，如第二段提到他们的“irresponsiblewealth”，第三段第一句话“The“shareholders”assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives，thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldshares，andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood”则更明显地表明了作者的态度。

[题目译文]

作者对最持批评态度。

[A]家族企业老板

[B]土地所有者

[C]经理

[D]股东