一、ElementarySchoolsinearlyAmerica
WhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica——breakthroughssuchasthetelegraph,thesteamboatandtheweavingmachine?
Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry‘sexcellentelementaryschools;alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,spatialthinkingaboutthingstechnological。
Whymentiontheelementaryschools?Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry。
Acuteforeignobserversrelatedamericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage。AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman。
Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthepremiumsystem,whichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit。Thisapproach,originatedabroad,offeredinventorsmedals,cashprizesandotherincentives。
IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities。Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance。
Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology。AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess。Thedesignerandtheinventorareabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist。
Thisnonverbalspatialthinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting。robertfultononcewrote,Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea。
Whenalltheseshapingforces——schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,ageniusforspatialthinking——interactedwithoneanotherontherichU。S。mainland,theyproducedthatamericancharacteristic,emulation。Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation。Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence。
inventionn。1。发明,发明物2。捏造,虚构
inventorn。发明家,发明者
[联想词]
inventoryn。1。具体目录2。存货清单
breakthhroughn。1。突围,突破2。重大成就,惊人发现
[联想词]
breakdownn。1。垮台,破裂2。衰竭,衰弱3。损坏,故障4。分类
premiumn。1。保险金2。额外费用3。奖品,赠品,额外津贴a。1。高级的,优质的2。售价高的
[联想词]
subsidyn。津贴,补贴
verbala。1。口头的2。用言辞的,用文字的
[联想词]
vocala。发声的,嗓音的
spatiala。空间的,与空间有关的
literacyn。识字,有文化,读写能力
literatea。1。有读写能力的2。有文化修养的
stimulusn。1。促进2。刺激
[联想词]
provocationn。1。挑衅,挑拨2。刺激,激怒
provocativea。1。挑衅的,煽动的2。刺激的
precedevt。在……之前,先于
precedentn。1。先例,范例,判例2。惯例
patentn。专利,专利权a。专利的,受专利保护的vt。得到……的专利权
originatevi。起源于,来自,产生
vt。创造,创始,开创
[联想词]
commencev。开始
incentiven。刺激,鼓励
multituden。1。大量,许多2。大众,民众
ambiguousa。引起歧义的,模式棱两可的,含糊不清的
[联想词]
indefinitea。1。不明确的,含糊的2。无限期的
exdplicita。1。明确的,明晰的;详述的2。直言的,毫不隐瞒的,露骨的
manipulatevt。1。操纵,控制,影响2。操作,使用
levern。1。杠杆2。途径,工具,手段
vt。撬动,撬起
wedgen。楔vt。把……楔入,塞入
[联想词]
grooven。沟,槽
hingen。铰链
interactvi。相互作用,相互影响
emulationn。1。竞赛,竞争2。仿效,仿真
imitationn。1。模拟2。仿制,仿制品3。赝品
strivevi。努力,奋斗,力求
sculpturen。1。雕刻,雕塑2。雕刻作品,雕塑品
[联想词]
carvevt。1。切,把……切碎2。雕刻,刻
engravevt。1。在……上雕刻2。使铭记,使牢记
statuen。雕像,塑像
bustn。1。胸像,半身像2。胸部,胸围
marblen。1。大理石
diploman。毕业文凭,毕业证书,资格证书
[联想词]
diplomatn。1。外交官,外交家2。有交际手段的人,圆滑的人
perpetuala。1。永久的,永恒的,长期的2。无休止的,没完没了的